Granulomatous Polyangiitis With Renal Involvement: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly named Wegner's granulomatosis is an antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis of the small vessels. GPA can affect several organ systems even though predominantly affects respiratory and renal systems. Pathogenesis is initiated by activation of the immune system to produce ANCA, Cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) antibody, which thereby leads to widespread necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Multisystem involvement with varied symptomatology makes GPA diagnosis more challenging. Early diagnosis and management are vital and can alter the prognosis of the disease. We present a literature review and a clinical scenario of a 26-year-old male with a history of chronic sinusitis, testicular carcinoma in remission, recent onset of worsening cough, epistaxis, hoarseness of voice, weight loss, and dark-colored urine. Workup revealed high titers of C-ANCA, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, CT chest evidence of mass-like consolidation, and bronchoscopy findings of friable tissue that was not amenable for biopsy. Methylprednisolone and rituximab (RTX) were administered, which resulted in marked clinical improvement. Therefore, a keen eye for details is necessary to diagnose GPA early, which can improve disease outcomes dramatically.