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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
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The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Closed-Loop Electrolyte Design for Lithium-Mediated Ammonia Synthesis.

Dilip Krishnamurthy1, Nikifar Lazouski2, Michal L Gala2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

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|December 29, 2021
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Summary

Developing new ammonia production methods is crucial for environmental sustainability. This study introduces a data-driven approach using lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction, identifying key proton donor properties for efficient ammonia synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia production is energy-intensive and environmentally impactful.
  • Lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction offers a sustainable alternative.
  • Identifying effective proton donors is key to this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally evaluate proton donors for lithium-mediated ammonia synthesis.
  • To develop predictive models for identifying active proton donors.
  • To improve the efficiency and accuracy of ammonia production methods.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental screening of various proton donor classes.
  • Construction of a data-driven classification model using Kamlet-Taft parameters.
  • Training a deep learning model to predict Kamlet-Taft parameters from literature data.

Main Results:

  • Solvatochromic Kamlet-Taft parameters were identified as critical descriptors for activity.
  • A combined classification and deep learning model accurately predicts proton donor performance.
  • The two-model approach demonstrated superior accuracy and data efficiency over traditional methods.

Conclusions:

  • Predictive models based on Kamlet-Taft parameters can guide the discovery of effective proton donors.
  • This integrated approach accelerates the development of sustainable ammonia production.
  • The study highlights the power of combining mechanistic insights with data-driven strategies.