Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

751
The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
751
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.6K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.6K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

577
The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
577
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

7.0K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.0K
Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

63.4K
Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
63.4K
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

61.6K
Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
61.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retrodiction in Evolutionary Genomics: A Philosophical Perspective.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026
Same author

PARSIMONY AND CHARACTER WEIGHTING.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2021
Same author

How probable is common ancestry according to different evolutionary processes?

Journal of theoretical biology·2015
Same author

Trait fitness is not a propensity, but fitness variation is.

Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences·2013
Same author

Male superiority in spatial navigation: adaptation or side effect?

The Quarterly review of biology·2013
Same author

Did Darwin write the Origin backwards?

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2009
Same journal

Areas of endemism of Malvales: Insights for conservation in the Atlantic Forest and Dry Diagonal.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
Same journal

Phylogenetic systematics of the Homalonotidae (Trilobita): taxonomic reassessment and implications for Devonian trilobites.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
Same journal

Advancing FAIR phylogenetics for health threats: a systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 research and guidelines for future outbreaks.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
Same journal

Unravelling the phylogeny of armadillos and their kin (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) combining morphological, molecular, and stratigraphic data.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
Same journal

Phylogenomics and the evolutionary history of the Oxyurida (pinworms).

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
Same journal

Budding speciation, mitochondrial capture and introgression between surface and cave lineages in the Asellus aquaticus species complex.

Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.6K

A LIKELIHOOD JUSTIFICATION OF PARSIMONY.

Elliott Sober1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706.

Cladistics : the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society
|December 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study links maximally parsimonious cladograms with highest likelihood trees in evolutionary theory. The findings are independent of homoplasy frequency and impact phylogenetic inference methods.

More Related Videos

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts
12:00

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

35.5K
Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
05:47

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems

Published on: June 13, 2025

681

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 8, 2025

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.6K
A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts
12:00

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

35.5K
Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
05:47

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems

Published on: June 13, 2025

681

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Phylogenetics
  • Computational biology

Background:

  • Parsimony and likelihood are key methods for inferring evolutionary trees.
  • Understanding the relationship between these methods is crucial for robust phylogenetic inference.
  • Previous work has highlighted potential statistical inconsistencies in phylogenetic methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a theoretical connection between maximally parsimonious cladograms and trees of highest likelihood.
  • To explore the assumptions underlying this connection within evolutionary theory.
  • To discuss the implications for alternative phylogenetic inference methods and statistical consistency.

Main Methods:

  • Establishing a theoretical link between cladistics (parsimony) and statistical likelihood approaches.
  • Deriving assumptions from the fundamental structure of evolutionary theory.
  • Analyzing the independence of these assumptions from the rate of homoplasy.

Main Results:

  • A formal connection is demonstrated between maximally parsimonious cladograms and highest likelihood trees.
  • The theoretical assumptions underpinning this connection are shown to be independent of homoplasy frequency.
  • The findings provide a justification for parsimony methods within a likelihood framework.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical bridge between parsimony and likelihood in phylogenetics.
  • This connection offers a stronger foundation for parsimony-based tree inference.
  • The results have implications for understanding the statistical properties of various phylogenetic methods, including potential inconsistencies.