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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
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The mRNA Revolution is Coming.

Mary Bates

    IEEE Pulse
    |December 30, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology, developed over decades, has proven highly effective against COVID-19. This success highlights mRNA

    Area of Science:

    • Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Infectious Disease Research
    • Oncology
    • Genetic Medicine

    Background:

    • The COVID-19 pandemic spurred rapid advancement in vaccine development.
    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology has been researched for decades.
    • Existing research laid the groundwork for current mRNA vaccine success.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the development and success of mRNA vaccines.
    • To highlight the broader therapeutic potential of mRNA technology.
    • To explore applications beyond infectious diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of historical research and recent clinical trial data for mRNA vaccines.
    • Analysis of the underlying mechanisms of mRNA-based therapeutics.

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  • Synthesis of information on the efficacy and safety of approved mRNA vaccines.

    • Main Results:

    • mRNA vaccines demonstrated significant efficacy in combating COVID-19.
    • The success validates decades of scientific research in mRNA technology.
    • Moderna and Pfizer vaccines exemplify the potential of this platform.

    Conclusions:

    • mRNA technology represents a powerful new modality for vaccine development.
    • The potential applications of mRNA therapies extend to oncology and genetic disorders.
    • Continued research promises further innovation in mRNA-based treatments.