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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.6K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Stimulating Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies Enhance the Expression of Both Thyrotropin Receptors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptors in Fibroblasts.

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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Sex Differences in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Leila Shobab1, Kenneth D Burman1, Leonard Wartofsky2

  • 1MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|December 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer (TC) shows a female predominance but more aggressive disease in males. Understanding sex-specific factors like hormones, genetics, and immunity is key for targeted treatments.

Keywords:
sex bias in thyroid cancersex difference in thyroid cancersex dimorphismthyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer (TC) exhibits a unique female predominance, contrasting with most other cancers.
  • Males with TC often present with more aggressive disease, despite the higher incidence in females.
  • Current TC treatments and surveillance lack sex-specific considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence on the role of sex in differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) pathogenesis and progression.
  • To highlight the influence of sex hormones, genetics, and the immune system on TC development and behavior.
  • To underscore the need for sex-specific strategies in TC prevention, diagnosis, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating sex differences in thyroid cancer.
  • Analysis of emerging evidence on molecular mechanisms underlying sex-specific TC pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of data on the roles of sex hormones, genetics, and immunity in TC.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid cancer (TC) incidence is 3-4 times higher in females, yet males tend to have more aggressive forms.
  • A significant proportion of TC patients (6-20%) develop metastasis, with poor outcomes for non-responsive cases.
  • Sex hormones, genetic factors, and immune system components are implicated in sex-specific TC risk and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-specific factors significantly influence thyroid cancer (TC) pathogenesis, progression, and treatment response.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted, sex-specific therapies.
  • Future research should focus on elucidating these sex differences to improve TC patient outcomes.