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The Interaction Between Sex and Thyroid Cancer Development and Management.

Farah I Kitana1, Leila Shobab1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Room 3102- Est Building, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|July 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women have a better prognosis for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) before menopause, but research is needed to understand and treat sex-specific differences in DTC.

Keywords:
Estrogen receptor in thyroid cancerSex bias in thyroid cancerSex difference in thyroid cancerSex hormones and thyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) incidence and progression exhibit notable sex disparities.
  • Women generally experience a more favorable prognosis than men, particularly before menopause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the sex differences in DTC incidence, progression, and survival.
  • To investigate potential biological mechanisms underlying these sex disparities.
  • To advocate for sex-specific research and therapies for DTC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiologic studies on DTC sex differences.
  • Analysis of factors potentially contributing to sex disparities, including hormones, genetics, epigenetics, and the immune system.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex disparities exist in DTC incidence, progression, and survival rates.
  • Women show a more favorable prognosis before menopause.
  • Sex hormones, genetic/epigenetic factors, and immune responses are implicated in DTC sex differences.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of sex differences in DTC is crucial.
  • Sex-specific research is essential for developing targeted therapies.
  • Individualized treatment strategies for advanced, radioactive iodine-refractory DTC should consider sex.