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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Stress as a Chromatin Landscape Architect.

Anastassiia Vertii1

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 31, 2021
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Summary

This review explores how stress impacts the 3D chromatin landscape, influencing gene regulation and cell fate. Understanding these changes is crucial for new research directions in genome organization.

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3D chromatinchromatin loopschromatin territoriesheat shockinflammationmechanical stressstresstopologically associated domains

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Spatial genome organization, including chromatin loops and topologically associated domains, is vital for gene regulation and cell fate.
  • The 3D chromatin architecture is dynamic and influenced by factors like cell division and various stressors.
  • Investigating how stress shapes the chromatin landscape is an emerging and significant area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in understanding the contribution of 3D chromatin organization to gene regulation and cell fate.
  • To highlight the impact of diverse stressors on the chromatin landscape.
  • To discuss the motivations and directions for exploring the relationship between stress exposure and genome organization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 3D genome organization.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of stress on chromatin structure.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of chromatin dynamics and gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Multiple levels of 3D chromatin organization exist, from loops to chromosome territories.
  • Stressors can significantly alter the chromatin landscape.
  • The precise mechanisms by which stress shapes chromatin are under active investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D chromatin landscape plays a critical role in gene regulation and cell fate.
  • Stress exposure represents a key factor influencing chromatin architecture.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the intricate relationship between stress and genome organization.