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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

109
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Inflammatory muscle involvement in systemic vasculitis: A systematic review.

Edoardo Conticini1, Miriana d'Alessandro2, Suhel Gabriele Al Khayyat1

  • 1Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
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PubMed
Summary

Muscle vasculitis, though uncommon in systemic autoimmune diseases, primarily affects medium and small vessels. Despite severe presentations, patients often respond well to immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityInflammationMuscleMyopathyMyositisVasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Systemic vasculitis often involves various organs, but muscle involvement is infrequent and not typically included in diagnostic criteria.
  • Myositis, or muscle inflammation, is rarely associated with systemic vasculitis, prompting further investigation into this connection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review existing literature on inflammatory muscle involvement in patients diagnosed with systemic vasculitis.
  • To consolidate evidence regarding the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of muscle vasculitis.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across 108 papers, identifying 395 patients with muscle vasculitis.
  • Data analysis focused on the types of vasculitis, histological findings, laboratory results (creatine kinase), and imaging characteristics (MRI, PET).

Main Results:

  • Medium and small vessel vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa, ANCA-associated vasculitis) and rheumatoid arthritis-related vasculitis were most commonly associated with muscle involvement.
  • Histologically, necrotizing vasculitis of perimysium vessels was frequent; granulomatous vasculitis was noted in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
  • Elevated creatine kinase levels were uncommon, and MRI findings were similar to idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Conclusions:

  • Muscle vasculitis, while rare, is a significant manifestation of systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting small and medium vessels.
  • Despite potentially severe presentations, effective treatment with immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids offers a positive prognosis.