Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 8, 2025
07:34
Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide
Published on: May 12, 2023
1.2K
Revised D-A-CH reference values for the intake of biotin.
Alexandra Jungert1, Sabine Ellinger2, Bernhard Watzl3
1Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Biometry and Population Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
European Journal of Nutrition
|January 3, 2022
Summary
Updated reference values for biotin intake in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were established in 2020. These values, ranging from 4 µg/day for infants to 45 µg/day for lactating women, are based on observed intake levels and human milk content.
Area of Science:
- Nutritional Science
- Public Health Nutrition
- Dietary Reference Values
Background:
- Established biotin intake reference values for Germany, Austria, and Switzerland originated from a 2000 report.
- A comprehensive update process led to the revision of these reference values in 2020.
Purpose of the Study:
- To revise and establish updated reference values for adequate biotin intake for populations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
- To provide current recommendations for biotin consumption across various age groups and life stages.
Main Methods:
- For infants aged 0-4 months, adequate biotin supply was assumed via human milk.
- For older infants, children, adolescents, and adults, reference values were derived from observed intake levels in population surveys.
- Biotin losses through human milk were considered for lactating women.
Main Results:
- Reference values for infants (0-12 months) were set at 4-6 µg/day.
- For children and adolescents (1-19 years), values ranged from 20-40 µg/day.
- Adults and pregnant women have a reference value of 40 µg/day, while lactating women require 45 µg/day.
Conclusions:
- Biotin deficiency symptoms are uncommon with a typical mixed diet.
- Due to challenges in determining average requirements, reference values were based on population intake data.
- The revised 2020 values provide updated guidance for adequate biotin intake in the studied populations.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods
12
Pharmacodynamic methods provide insights into a drug's effects on physiological processes over time and play a crucial role in understanding bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These methods can be broadly classified into acute pharmacological and therapeutic response approaches, each with distinct mechanisms and applications.The acute pharmacological response method directly correlates a drug's physiological effects, such as ECG or pupil diameter changes, to its time course in the body.
12
01:27Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability
7
Bioavailability is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. Regulatory agencies mandate the assessment of bioavailability, typically measured as the area under the drug plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC), to ensure the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. These evaluations are categorized as absolute and relative bioavailability studies.Absolute...
7
01:13Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers
11
Body:In certain scenarios, in vitro dissolution tests can replace in vivo bioequivalence studies. This is particularly true when a drug product, though available in varying strengths, maintains proportional similarity in its active and inactive ingredients. In such cases, the need for in vivo bioequivalence studies for lower strength variants may be waived, provided dissolution tests and in vivo studies on the highest strength yield satisfactory results.Bioequivalence can be indicated through...
11
01:01Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters
8
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
8
01:30Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods
24
Pharmacokinetics is a vital branch of pharmacology that examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Two key methodologies in pharmacokinetics are plasma drug concentration studies and urinary drug excretion analyses, both of which provide critical insights into a drug's therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.Plasma Drug Concentration-Time StudiesPlasma drug concentration-time studies involve analyzing blood samples at specific intervals to quantify...
24
01:28Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care
97
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
97