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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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X and Y Chromosomes

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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Sex Differences in Immunity.

Nicole M Wilkinson1, Ho-Chung Chen2, Melissa G Lechner3

  • 1UCLA/Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex influences immune responses, impacting COVID-19 severity and mortality. Understanding sex-based immune mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:
autoimmunitychromosomal complementimmune-related adverse eventsimmunitysex differencessex hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Sex Differences
  • Biomedical Science

Background:

  • Epidemiological data confirm sex as a key biological variable influencing immunity.
  • Sex disparities are evident in the severity and mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • Mechanisms underlying sex differences in immune-mediated conditions require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of sex differences in immune responses.
  • To explore the impact of sex-defining factors (chromosomes, hormones) on immunity in health and disease.
  • To highlight recent findings in autoimmunity, viral infections (SARS-CoV-2), and cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of sex-influenced immune responses.
  • Synthesis of data on sex differences in specific disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • Sex significantly impacts immune responses, affecting disease outcomes.
  • Sex differences are observed in autoimmunity, response to virus infection (SARS-CoV-2), and cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Chromosomes and gonadal hormones are key modulators of sex-influenced immunity.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of sex-based immune mechanisms is essential for personalized medicine.
  • Developing a sex-based approach to disease screening and treatment is critical.
  • Further research into sex differences in immunity will advance targeted patient care.