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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
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Emerging zero-dimensional to four-dimensional biomaterials for bone regeneration.

Haoyu Fang1, Daoyu Zhu1, Qianhao Yang1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Journal of Nanobiotechnology
|January 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Emerging biomaterials, categorized from zero- to four-dimensional, are revolutionizing bone regeneration by mimicking the bone microenvironment. These advanced materials offer enhanced osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and antibacterial properties for treating bone defects.

Keywords:
Bone regenerationTissue engineeringZero/one/two/three/four-dimensional biomaterial

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Engineering

Background:

  • Bone possesses remarkable regenerative potential, but critical-sized defects and nonunions pose significant clinical challenges.
  • The complex process of bone regeneration involves precise regulation of cells, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix.
  • Novel biomaterials are crucial for overcoming limitations in natural bone healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review recent advances in biomaterials for bone regeneration.
  • To categorize emerging biomaterials based on their dimensional structure and functional mechanisms (0D to 4D).
  • To provide insights for future biomaterial design in bone tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of emerging biomaterials for bone regeneration.
  • Categorization of biomaterials by dimensionality (zero-dimensional to four-dimensional).
  • Elucidation of material properties including osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, vascularization, and antibacterial effects.

Main Results:

  • Biomaterials are classified into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and four-dimensional categories.
  • Tissue-engineered scaffolds demonstrate significant improvements in bone healing promotion.
  • Advanced biomaterials exhibit enhanced osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, vascularization, neurotization, and antibacterial properties.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging biomaterials significantly enhance bone regeneration by mimicking the native bone microenvironment.
  • Dimensional classification provides a framework for understanding and developing new bone regenerative strategies.
  • This review offers valuable perspectives for the future design of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.