Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 7, 2025
Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
Published on: November 23, 2019
Validation of watershed-based segmentation of the cartilage surface from sequential CT arthrography scans
Mary E Hall1, Marianne S Black1,2, Garry E Gold2,3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Background:
This study investigated the utility of a 2-dimensional watershed algorithm for identifying the cartilage surface in computed tomography (CT) arthrograms of the knee up to 33 minutes after an intra-articular iohexol injection as boundary blurring increased.
Methods:
A 2D watershed algorithm was applied to CT arthrograms of 3 bovine stifle joints taken 3, 8, 18, and 33 minutes after iohexol injection and used to segment tibial cartilage. Thickness measurements were compared to a reference standard thickness measurement and the 3-minute time point scan.
Results:
77.2% of cartilage thickness measurements were within 0.2 mm (1 voxel) of the thickness calculated in the reference scan at the 3-minute time point. 42% fewer voxels could be segmented from the 33-minute scan than the 3-minute scan due to diffusion of the contrast agent out of the joint space and into the cartilage, leading to blurring of the cartilage boundary. The traced watershed lines were closer to the location of the cartilage surface in areas where tissues were in direct contact with each other (cartilage-cartilage or cartilage-meniscus contact).
Conclusions:
The use of watershed dam lines to guide cartilage segmentation shows promise for identifying cartilage boundaries from CT arthrograms in areas where soft tissues are in direct contact with each other.
