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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Electrochemistry: Overview01:04

Electrochemistry: Overview

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Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the relationship between electrical quantities and chemical reactions, particularly oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, whereas reduction refers to the gain of electrons. A substance with a strong electron affinity is called an oxidizing agent (oxidant), and a reducing agent (reductant) is a species that donates electrons. Oxidation and reduction processes are pivotal to electrochemical reactions,...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Outer-coordination sphere in multi-H+/multi-e-molecular electrocatalysis.

Soumalya Sinha1, Caroline K Williams1, Jianbing Jimmy Jiang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.

Iscience
|January 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrocatalysis uses electricity for sustainable chemical reactions like hydrogen production and CO2 conversion. This study explores outer coordination spheres in catalysts to improve these essential processes.

Keywords:
CatalysisElectrochemical energy productionElectrochemical materials scienceElectrochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrocatalysis is vital for sustainable small-molecule transformations, including hydrogen production and CO2 conversion.
  • Fuel cells require efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen-water reactions.
  • The thermodynamic stability of CO2 necessitates energy-efficient conversion methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the design of molecular catalysts inspired by biological enzymes.
  • To advance electrocatalytic processes for sustainable energy solutions.
  • To focus on catalysts with outer coordination spheres for multi-proton and multi-electron reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing recent progress in electrocatalysis.
  • Investigating catalysts with functional outer coordination spheres.
  • Analyzing the reductive conversion of H+, O2, and CO2.

Main Results:

  • Functional outer coordination spheres show promise for multi-proton and multi-electron electrocatalysis.
  • Catalysts inspired by outer coordination spheres are relevant for sustainable H+, O2, and CO2 conversion.
  • Opportunities exist beyond the second coordination sphere for catalyst development.

Conclusions:

  • Outer coordination sphere catalysts are key for advancing sustainable electrocatalysis.
  • Further exploration beyond the second coordination sphere can unlock new catalytic possibilities.
  • This approach is critical for developing efficient energy solutions and chemical transformations.