Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementless Concretes Made Using Three Types of CaO-Activated GGBFS Binders

This study examined the mechanical and durability properties of CaO-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) concretes made with three different additives (CaCl₂, Ca(HCOO)₂, and Ca(NO₃)₂) and compared their properties to the concrete made with 100% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). All concrete mixtures satisfied targeted air content and slump ranges but exhibited significantly different mechanical and durability properties. The CaO-activated GGBFS concretes showed different strength levels, depending on the type of additive. The added CaCl₂ was the most effective, but Ca(NO₃)₂ was the least effective at increasing mechanical strength in the CaO-activated GGBFS system. The OPC concrete showed the most excellent freezing-thawing resistance in the durability test, but only the CaO-activated GGBFS concrete with CaCl₂ exhibited relatively similar resistance. In addition, the chemical resistance was significantly dependent on the type of acid solution and the type of binder. The OPC concrete had the best resistance in the HCl solution, while all CaO-activated GGBFS concretes had relatively low resistances. However, in the H₂SO₄ solution, all CaO-activated GGBFS concretes had better resistance than the OPC concrete. All concrete with sulfate ions had ettringite before immersion. However, when they were immersed in HCl solution, ettringite tended to decrease, and gypsum was generated. Meanwhile, the CaO-activated GGBFS concrete with CaCl₂ did not change the type of reaction product, possibly due to the absence of ettringite and Ca(OH)₂. When immersed in an H₂SO₄ solution, ettringite decreased, and gypsum increased in all concrete. In addition, the CaO-activated concrete with CaCl₂ had a considerable amount of gypsum; it seemed that the dissolved C-S-H and calcite, due to the low pH, likely produced Ca²⁺ ions, and gypsum formed from the reaction between Ca²⁺ and H₂SO₄.