Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

<i>In vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>study of magnesium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles modified gelatin scaffolds for bone repair.

Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)·2022

Same author

Concentrically Encapsulated Dual-Enzyme Capsules for Synergistic Metabolic Disorder Redressing and Cytotoxic Intermediates Scavenging.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2022

Same author

Investigation of Using Sky Openness Ratio as Predictor for Navigation Performance in Urban-like Environment to Support PBN in UTM.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2022

Same author

Salt crust-assisted thermal decomposition method for direct and simultaneous quantification of polypropylene microplastics and organic contaminants in high organic matter soils.

Analytica chimica acta·2022

Same author

F-box protein 17 promotes glioma progression by regulating glycolysis pathway.

Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry·2022

Same author

AlzCode: a platform for multiview analysis of genes related to Alzheimer's disease.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Vaccinations, Mobility and COVID-19 Transmission.

Jianfeng Guo^1,2, Chao Deng^1,2, Fu Gu^3,4,5

¹Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|January 11, 2022

Summary

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness depends on human behavior, specifically mobility patterns. Vaccination slows disease spread when mobility decreases, but not when it increases, underscoring the need for continued public health measures.

Keywords:

COVID-19 human mobility non-pharmaceutical effectiveness vaccination

More Related Videos

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

Published on: February 11, 2015

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

Published on: February 11, 2015

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Contact-Free Co-Culture Model for the Study of Innate Immune Cell Activation During Respiratory Virus Infection

Published on: February 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Public Health
Behavioral Science

Background:

Over half the global population received COVID-19 vaccines by November 2021.
The non-pharmaceutical impact of vaccination on disease transmission remains under-explored.
Understanding behavioral factors is crucial for effective pandemic control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To empirically investigate the influence of vaccination on human behavior and COVID-19 transmission.
To analyze the relationship between vaccination, mobility, and disease spread using statistical modeling.
To identify non-pharmaceutical factors mediating vaccine effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze empirical data.
The study examined the correlation between vaccination rates and human mobility patterns.
COVID-19 transmission data was analyzed in conjunction with behavioral and vaccination metrics.

Main Results:

Vaccination's impact on COVID-19 spread is significantly moderated by human mobility.
A negative correlation between vaccination and mobility was associated with slowed disease transmission.
No significant reduction in COVID-19 spread was observed in regions with a positive correlation between vaccination and mobility.

Conclusions:

Human mobility is a critical factor in realizing the non-pharmaceutical benefits of COVID-19 vaccination.
Vaccination alone may not be sufficient to control transmission without considering behavioral aspects.
Continued implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, like social distancing, remains essential alongside vaccination efforts.