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Related Concept Videos

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

27.6K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Folded network and structural transition in molten tin.

Liang Xu1,2, Zhigang Wang1, Jian Chen2

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China.

Nature Communications
|January 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a liquid-liquid transition in molten tin, revealing a new folded network structure. This finding clarifies liquid anomalies and offers insights into polyamorphism and dynamic transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding liquid structure-property relationships remains a significant challenge.
  • Liquid-liquid transitions (LLTs) are hypothesized to explain many liquid anomalies but are experimentally difficult to demonstrate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide experimental and theoretical evidence for a second-order-like LLT in molten tin.
  • To elucidate the structural origins of this transition and its implications for liquid behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of molten tin.
  • Theoretical modeling and analysis of atomic bonding and network structures.

Main Results:

  • Observed a second-order-like LLT in molten tin, favoring a percolating covalent bond network at high temperatures.
  • The transition stems from fluctuating metallic/covalent atomic bonding behavior.
  • A novel 'folded network' liquid structure model was proposed, bridging existing models for disordered systems.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a new paradigm for liquid structure, explaining thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies.
  • Findings have significant implications for understanding liquid polyamorphism and dynamical transitions.
  • The proposed folded network structure provides a unified view of disordered systems.