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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...
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The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
435
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

757
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
757
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
05:47

A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton

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The edge of the nucleus: Variations on a theme.

Junsik Choi1, Eric J Richards2

  • 1Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Developmental Cell
|January 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Plant nuclear lamina proteins, like Arabidopsis PNET2, bind histones to organize the genome at the nuclear edge. This research reveals new insights into nuclear structure and function.

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Cellular and subcellular structures
  • Genomics and genetics

Background:

  • The plant nuclear lamina is crucial for chromatin organization at the nuclear periphery.
  • Distinct protein families mediate interactions between the nuclear envelope and chromatin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the PNET2 protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear organization.
  • To determine if PNET2 proteins interact with histones and influence genome structure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of PNET2 protein family members in Arabidopsis.
  • Histone binding assays.
  • Studies on large-scale genome organization.

Main Results:

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  • Members of the PNET2 family, inner nuclear membrane proteins, were identified in Arabidopsis.
  • PNET2 proteins demonstrate the capacity to bind histones.
  • These proteins are implicated in large-scale genome organization.

    • Conclusions:

    • The PNET2 protein family plays a significant role in mediating chromatin interactions at the plant nuclear periphery.
    • PNET2 proteins contribute to the structural organization of the genome within the nucleus.