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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids
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Macrophage COX2 Mediates Efferocytosis, Resolution Reprogramming, and Intestinal Epithelial Repair.

David Meriwether1, Anthony E Jones2, Julianne W Ashby3

  • 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|January 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macrophage cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) is crucial for efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, which resolves intestinal inflammation and promotes tissue repair. Its absence impairs these vital functions.

Keywords:
EicosanoidsInflammation ResolutionInflammatory Bowel DiseaseLipidomicsMacrophage

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages (efferocytosis) is key to resolving intestinal inflammation.
  • Impaired efferocytosis and macrophage reprogramming are linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis.
  • Previous work showed absence of macrophage cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) worsens IBD-like inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if COX2 mediates macrophage efferocytosis and reprogramming.
  • To determine COX2's role in efferocytosis-dependent intestinal epithelial repair.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed efferocytosis in mouse macrophages with COX2 knockout or inhibition.
  • Analyzed COX2-mediated lipid mediators using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  • Used intestinal epithelial organoids to study COX2 effects on repair.

Main Results:

  • Loss of COX2 impaired macrophage efferocytosis, affecting apoptotic cell binding and gene expression.
  • COX2 modulated key efferocytosis-dependent lipid mediators like prostaglandins and lipoxins.
  • Macrophage efferocytosis, dependent on COX2, induced intestinal epithelial repair.

Conclusions:

  • Macrophage COX2 enhances efferocytosis and reprogramming.
  • COX2 facilitates macrophage-driven intestinal epithelial repair.