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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

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[Adrenal glands stem cells: general signaling pathways].

O V Glazova1, M V Vorontsova1, L V Shevkova1

  • 1Endocrinology Research Centre; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University).

Problemy Endokrinologii
|January 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Adult stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are crucial for cell and genome technologies. Understanding adrenal cortex stem cell pathways is key for therapeutic development and regenerative medicine.

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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adult stem cells are increasingly vital for cell and genome technologies.
  • Stem cells and their derivatives (tissue cultures, organoids) serve as valuable in vivo models for human research.
  • The adrenal cortex, a heterogeneous organ, relies on stem and progenitor cells for renewal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular pathways essential for adrenal cortex homeostasis.
  • To explore the role of stem and progenitor cells in adrenal cortex renewal.
  • To provide insights for developing differentiation protocols for adrenal cortex cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular pathways in adrenal cortex homeostasis.
  • Analysis of stem and progenitor cell dynamics within the adrenal cortex.
  • Examination of endocrine and paracrine signaling in adrenal cortex regulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified key molecular pathways governing adrenal cortex homeostasis.
  • Described the renewal process of the adrenal cortex involving stem and progenitor cells.
  • Highlighted the influence of endocrine and paracrine signals on stem cell populations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding signaling pathways is crucial for adrenal cortex stem cell research.
  • This knowledge can inform the development of protocols for generating adrenal cortex cells.
  • Applications include scientific research and medical therapies, particularly in regenerative medicine.