Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes
Published on: December 15, 2015
Recent Developments in Layer-by-Layer Technique for Drug Delivery Applications
Rajendra Kurapati1, Thomas W Groth, Ashok M Raichur2,3
1CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
Abstract:
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polyelectrolytes to multifunctional polyelectrolyte multilayer hollow capsules (PMCs) with a core-shell structure is now a well-established method. PMCs have been shown to have several potential applications including their application as drug delivery vehicles with controlled and targeted drug release. Along with polyelectrolytes, inorganic materials such as nanoparticles and ligands can be used to make the capsules respond to certain stimuli and also target them to specific sites. In this special issue devoted to biomaterials development in India, we focus on bringing some of the research done by our group in the past 15 years related to LbL methodology for drug delivery applications, especially using PMCs. Our contributions to stimuli-responsive LbL capsules and nanomaterial-based capsules will be highlighted. Also, the use of LbL methodology for probiotics will be presented. We believe that LbL methodology is a very versatile tool for engineering hollow capsules and surfaces, which can be used in many applications including drug delivery.
Related Concept Videos
Drug Delivery: Overview
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

