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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Cationic Nanoemulsion&#45;Encapsulated Retinoic Acid System for Mucosal Vaccination
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Nucleic Acid Nanostructure Assisted Immune Modulation.

Xiaoli Sun1, Haipeng Liu1,2,3

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|January 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleic acid nanotechnology engineers nanostructures for precise biological interactions and immune system modulation. These advancements offer new strategies for immunotherapy by controlling immune responses.

Keywords:
adjuvant formulationimmune modulationinnate immunitynucleic acid deliverynucleic acid nanotechnology

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nucleic acids are evolving from biological molecules to versatile building materials in nanotechnology.
  • Nucleic acid nanostructures' properties (size, shape, sequence, valency) can be engineered using molecular forces.
  • Nucleic acids play a crucial role in regulating immune system activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in designing nucleic acid-based nanostructures for immune system modulation.
  • To highlight strategies for controlling nanoparticle transport and interactions with immune cells.
  • To explore how these nanostructures can enhance, evade, deviate, or suppress immune activation for therapeutic purposes.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering physicochemical properties of nucleic acid nanostructures via programmed molecular forces (e.g., Watson-Crick pairing, hydrophobic interactions, protein binding).
  • Investigating nanoparticle transport within the lymphatic system.
  • Analyzing interactions between signaling molecules, immune cells, and nucleic acid nanostructures.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated ability to engineer nucleic acid nanostructures with controlled properties for specific biological interactions.
  • Highlighted the role of these nanostructures in modulating immune responses, including nanoparticle transport and cellular interactions.
  • Showcased strategies for utilizing nucleic acid nanotechnology to manipulate immune activation for therapeutic benefit.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleic acid nanotechnology offers powerful tools for designing nanostructures with tailored biological functions.
  • These engineered nanostructures show significant potential in modulating immune responses for various applications.
  • Nucleic acid nanotechnology presents promising avenues for the development of future immunotherapies.