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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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CASPR2-IgG-associated autoimmune seizures.

Emilio R Garrido Sanabria1, Anza Zahid2, Jeffrey Britton2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA.

Epilepsia
|January 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CASPR2-IgG-associated seizures are common in older males, often presenting as focal impaired awareness seizures. Early diagnosis and treatment with immunotherapy and antiseizure medications can lead to seizure freedom.

Keywords:
autoimmune encephalitisdrug-resistant epilepsyemotional labilityimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Epileptology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • CASPR2-IgG antibodies are associated with autoimmune neurological disorders.
  • Seizures are a recognized but less commonly reported manifestation of CASPR2-IgG autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with seizures associated with CASPR2-IgG antibodies.
  • To identify diagnostic clues and treatment responses in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of a neuroimmunology database (2009-2019).
  • Identification of CASPR2-IgG-seropositive patients with seizures.
  • Review of clinical presentations, neurological findings, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 20 out of 53 CASPR2-IgG+ patients (38%) had seizures, predominantly older males (median age 68).
  • Focal onset, nonmotor seizures with impaired awareness were most common (70%), often in clusters.
  • Seizure freedom was achieved in 13 patients (65%) with immunotherapy and/or antiseizure medications.

Conclusions:

  • CASPR2-IgG antibody testing is crucial for older males with new-onset focal seizures, especially those with impaired awareness, clusters, or encephalitis features.
  • Associated symptoms like emotional lability and ataxia can aid diagnosis.
  • Combined immunotherapy and antiseizure treatment improves seizure control.