Impact of the initial hydrophilic ratio on black carbon aerosols in the Arctic

Black carbon (BC) contributes to patterns of Arctic warming, yet the initial hydrophilic ratio (IHR) of BC emitted from various sources and its impact on Arctic BC remain uncertain. With the use of a tagged tracer method of BC implemented in the global chemistry transport model GEOS-Chem, IHRs were partitioned into 7 BC combustion source categories according to the PKU-BC-v2 emission inventory. The results show that as the IHR increased, the concentration of BC decreased globally. The impact on Arctic BC was mainly reflected in the vertical profile and the burden rather than at the surface. Specifically, the greatest impact of IHR on Arctic BC appeared in summer, with the largest perturbation appearing at an altitude of approximately 600 hPa, reaching 8%. This change in BC vertical profile was mainly caused by the IHR change of wildfire combustion in Russia (44%) and Canada (51%), and the emissions from these two regions were also the two most important contributors to the BC concentration and burden in the middle and lower Arctic atmosphere in summer. In the other three seasons, anthropogenic combustion sources (oil, coal, and biomass) in East Asia, Russia, and Europe accounted for 19-40%, 14-28%, and 7-23%, respectively, of the monthly BC burden. Emissions from Russia were the most important contributor (27-43%) to the monthly BC surface concentration. Due to the large adjustment in IHR from 20% to 70%, biomass burning in Europe was shown to be the dominant contributor causing both burden (39%) and surface concentration (88%) changes in all seasons except summer.