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Related Concept Videos

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Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes-Problem Solving01:29

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Consider a crane whose telescopic boom rotates with an angular velocity of 0.04 rad/s and angular acceleration of 0.02 rad/s2. Along with the rotation, the boom also extends linearly with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. The extension of the boom is measured at point D, which is measured with respect to the fixed point C on the other end of the boom. For the given instant, the distance between points C and D is 60 meters.
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Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

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In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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Selecting the Next Class: The "Virtual Orthopaedic Rotation".

Joseph L Yellin1, Laura Y Lu, Andrea S Bauer

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (Dr. Yellin, Dr. Lu, Ms. Duane, Dr. Berkson, Dr. Bono, Ms. Duffy, Dr. Fogel, and Dr. Zarins); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (Dr. Bluman, Dr. Ready, Dr. Weaver, and Dr. Dyer); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (Dr. Bauer and Dr. May); and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (Dr. Appleton and Dr. Drew).

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews
|January 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The virtual orthopaedic rotation (VOR) successfully improved medical students' knowledge and increased their interview rates for residency. This innovative program offers a valuable supplement to traditional in-person rotations.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Virtual Learning

Background:

  • COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the cancellation of in-person visiting subinternships.
  • Orthopaedic surgery residency selection process impacted by lack of traditional rotations.
  • Need for alternative educational and networking opportunities for aspiring orthopaedic surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of a Virtual Orthopaedic Rotation (VOR) on the residency selection process.
  • To determine the future role of VORs as an adjunct to traditional medical education.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of VORs in enhancing orthopaedic knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and implemented a 3-week Virtual Orthopaedic Rotation (VOR) for medical students interested in orthopaedic surgery.
  • Included virtual educational conferences, dedicated student sessions, and a structured mentorship program.
  • Assessed orthopaedic knowledge through pre- and post-rotation tests and gathered feedback via student and faculty surveys.

Main Results:

  • 61 students from 37 medical schools participated in the VOR between July and September 2020.
  • Significant improvements in orthopaedic knowledge scores were observed.
  • Students participating in the VOR had a higher interview rate (27.9%) compared to the general applicant pool (8.7%).

Conclusions:

  • The Virtual Orthopaedic Rotation (VOR) served as an effective substitute for in-person rotations during the pandemic.
  • VORs demonstrate potential as a valuable supplement to conventional rotations, enhancing both knowledge and residency application prospects.
  • While not a complete replacement, VORs offer a promising future role in orthopaedic surgical education.