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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

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B Cell Function in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Stephanie M Downs-Canner1,2, Jeremy Meier3, Benjamin G Vincent3,4,5

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

B cells play a crucial role in antitumor immunity within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This study dissects how diverse B cell populations in the TME influence the immune response to cancer.

Keywords:
B cellBregantibodyimmunogenomicstertiary lymphoid structuretumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem involving tumor, stromal, endothelial, and immune cells.
  • Immune cells within the TME critically influence tumor growth, with T lymphocyte roles well-defined.
  • The specific functions of B lymphocytes in the TME remain less understood despite emerging evidence of their importance in anti-cancer immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the role of B cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • To investigate how B cell heterogeneity impacts the anti-cancer immune response.
  • To analyze B cell functions in both animal models and human cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of diverse B cell populations (naive, plasma, memory cells) within the TME.
  • Comparative studies using established animal models of cancer.
  • Examination of patient samples to correlate B cell presence and function with clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • B cells exhibit significant heterogeneity within the TME, encompassing various differentiation stages.
  • Specific B cell subsets within the TME demonstrate distinct functional capabilities.
  • Evidence suggests a critical, albeit complex, role for B cells in modulating anti-tumor immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • B cell heterogeneity is a key factor influencing the immune response to cancer.
  • Understanding diverse B cell populations in the TME is essential for developing effective cancer immunotherapies.
  • Further research into B cell subsets can uncover novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.