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Nuclear Export

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of 2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

Published on: May 16, 2017

Nuclear export restricts Gdown1 to a mitotic function.

Christopher B Ball¹, Mrutyunjaya Parida¹, Juan F Santana¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Nucleic Acids Research

|January 20, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The protein Gdown1, usually in the cytoplasm, enters the nucleus during mitosis to regulate RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity. Its absence leads to errors in cell division and DNA damage, highlighting its role in genome integrity.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

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Published on: May 16, 2017

Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization

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Published on: March 11, 2011

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cell Biology
Genetics

Background:

Gdown1 is a subunit associated with mammalian RNA polymerase II (Pol II).
Gdown1 inhibits transcription initiation and termination but its biological roles are unclear.
Previous research focused on Gdown1's inhibitory roles in transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

To functionally characterize Gdown1 in human cells.
To investigate the cellular localization and regulation of Gdown1.
To determine the role of Gdown1 in mitosis and genome integrity.

Main Methods:

Genetic manipulation (Gdown1 depletion and knockout).
Microscopy for cellular localization.
Multi-omics approaches for global analysis.
In vitro assays with purified transcription factors.

Main Results:

Gdown1 is mainly cytoplasmic in interphase cells and shuttles between cytoplasm and nucleus.
Gdown1 enters the nucleus during mitosis.
Gdown1 depletion minimally affects interphase transcription but causes aberrant mitoses and p53 activation in knockout cells.
Gdown1 modulates multiple productive elongation factors in vitro.

Conclusions:

Gdown1's primary regulatory role for Pol II occurs during mitosis.
Gdown1 is essential for proper cell division and maintaining genome integrity.
Gdown1's nuclear import during mitosis is critical for its function.