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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Scapular Fractures After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Joseph W Galvin1, Josef K Eichinger, Xinning Li

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA (Galvin); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (Eichinger); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA (Li); and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA (Parada).

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|January 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Postoperative scapular fractures are a growing concern following reverse shoulder arthroplasty. While some fractures heal with immobilization, others, particularly type III, present challenges in union and may have poorer outcomes than the procedure without complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Surgical Complications

Background:

  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) use is increasing.
  • Postoperative scapular fractures are a recognized complication of RSA.
  • Fracture incidence varies with patient and implant factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence, diagnosis, and management of scapular fractures after RSA.
  • To discuss the outcomes of different fracture types and treatments.
  • To highlight challenges in achieving fracture union and patient recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scapular fractures following RSA.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including imaging (X-ray, CT).
  • Classification systems (Crosby and Levy) for scapular fractures.

Main Results:

  • Acromial stress reactions treated with immobilization have good outcomes.
  • Nonsurgical treatment of acromial stress fractures often leads to nonunion or malunion.
  • Type III scapular spine fractures have challenging union rates and inferior outcomes compared to types I and II.
  • Outcomes after fracture treatment are generally inferior to RSA without fracture, except for some displaced type III fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Scapular fractures are a significant complication impacting RSA outcomes.
  • Accurate diagnosis and appropriate classification are crucial for management.
  • Treatment strategies for specific fracture types, especially type III, require careful consideration to optimize patient results.