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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Tension Gauge Tether Probes for Quantifying Growth Factor Mediated Integrin Mechanics and Adhesion
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The Multiple Faces of the GH/IGF Axis.

Vera Chesnokova1

  • 1Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

Cells
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis plays a key role in physiology and disease. Research interest in this somatotroph axis has surged over the last 20 years.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and metabolic research, focusing on the somatotroph axis.

Background:

  • The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF1) axis is crucial for numerous physiological processes.
  • Significant scientific interest has emerged regarding the GH/IGF1 axis's involvement in various diseases over the past two decades.

Discussion:

  • Exploring the multifaceted roles of the GH/IGF1 axis in health and disease states.
  • Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying GH/IGF1 signaling in different pathologies.

Key Insights:

  • The GH/IGF1 axis is a central regulator of growth, metabolism, and cellular function.
  • Dysregulation of the GH/IGF1 axis is implicated in conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions include therapeutic targeting of the GH/IGF1 axis for disease intervention.

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  • Further elucidation of the complex interactions between GH/IGF1 signaling and other biological pathways is warranted.