Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

804
Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
804
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

40.5K
Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
40.5K
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

6.1K
Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
6.1K
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

6.9K
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
6.9K
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

106
Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
106
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

12.7K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
12.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The involvement of the endogenous opioid system in binge eating, food devaluation and food reward in mice.

Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry·2025
Same author

Dopamine D2 Receptors and Its Downstream Signaling in Compulsive Eating.

Brain sciences·2025
Same author

E-Cigarette Smoke Exposure Elevates Renal MR Expression and Induces BP Elevation.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)·2025
Same author

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2025
Same author

The Role of Endogenous Beta-Endorphin and Enkephalins in the Crosstalk Between Ethanol and Morphine.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

The α-7 Nicotinic Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Depressive-like Behavior by Regulating Microglial Function, Trophic Factor, and Chloride Transporters in Mice.

Brain sciences·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster
07:42

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: March 17, 2017

19.1K

The PACAP/PAC1 Receptor System and Feeding.

Keerthana Sureshkumar1, Andrea Saenz2, Syed M Ahmad2

  • 1UCLA College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, 612 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Brain Sciences
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) influences food intake. This review synthesizes research on how PACAP and its receptors regulate appetite, focusing on its anorexic effects in the brain.

Keywords:
PAC1PACAPfood intakehedonichomeostaticneuroanatomical sitesignaling

More Related Videos

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice
11:16

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice

Published on: May 3, 2012

22.3K
A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage
04:49

A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage

Published on: June 6, 2025

375

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 6, 2025

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster
07:42

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: March 17, 2017

19.1K
Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice
11:16

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice

Published on: May 3, 2012

22.3K
A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage
04:49

A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage

Published on: June 6, 2025

375

Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide involved in various physiological processes.
  • PACAP exists in two forms (PACAP-38, PACAP-27) and interacts with PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors.
  • PACAP and its receptors are notably expressed in brain regions controlling energy homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the existing literature on the role of PACAP and its receptors in regulating food intake.
  • To synthesize the mechanisms by which PACAP exerts its anorexic effects across different brain regions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed.
  • 68 articles focusing on the regulatory action of PACAP on food intake were reviewed.

Main Results:

  • PACAP, both exogenous and endogenous, significantly influences feeding behavior.
  • PACAP affects both homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake.
  • Evidence points to specific neuroanatomical sites, PACAP receptors, signaling pathways, and neurotransmitters mediating PACAP's hypophagic effects.

Conclusions:

  • PACAP plays a crucial role in the central regulation of food intake.
  • Understanding PACAP's anorexic pathways offers insights into appetite control and potential therapeutic targets.