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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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The Replisome03:01

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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Chromosome Replication02:31

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

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Transcription-Replication Coordination.

Marco Saponaro1

  • 1Transcription Associated Genome Instability Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular DNA transcription and replication are vital but can conflict. This review explores recent findings on how eukaryotes coordinate these processes to manage risks and genomic hotspots.

Keywords:
DNA damageDNA replicationG-MiDSgenome instabilitytranscriptiontranscription–replication collision

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Last Updated: Oct 6, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • DNA transcription and replication are fundamental cellular processes essential for gene expression and genetic inheritance.
  • These processes can interfere with each other when occurring in the same genomic regions, potentially leading to DNA damage.
  • Replication origins are often found near actively transcribed regions, suggesting that conflicts are a recognized cellular event.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the coordination between transcription and DNA replication in eukaryotes.
  • To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of this coordination.
  • To assess the likelihood and genomic locations of transcription-replication conflicts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent advancements in the field.
  • Analysis of existing data on the interplay between transcription and replication.
  • Identification of potential genomic hotspots for conflicts.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests varying degrees of coordination between transcription and replication, with ongoing debate about its effectiveness.
  • Transcription can impede DNA replication, increasing DNA damage.
  • Replication origins are preferentially located in open chromatin near active transcription sites.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding transcription-replication coordination is crucial for comprehending genome stability.
  • Cells may have evolved mechanisms to manage or tolerate these conflicts.
  • Identifying conflict hotspots can inform future research on DNA repair and genome regulation.