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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Muon Irradiation of ZnO Rods: Superparamagnetic Nature Induced by Defects.

Cody Landry1, Alexander Morrison1, Mehdi Esmaeili1

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Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 21, 2022
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Summary

Zinc oxide (ZnO) rods synthesized with a magnetic field exhibit superparamagnetism due to zinc defects. This property is size-dependent, with smaller rods showing stronger magnetic signals and larger clusters.

Keywords:
magnetismnanochemistrynanostructuresphysical chemistrysuperparamagnetism

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile semiconductor with applications in electronics and spintronics.
  • Defect engineering in ZnO is crucial for tuning its magnetic and optical properties.
  • Superparamagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductors is an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the superparamagnetic properties of ZnO rods synthesized under specific conditions.
  • To elucidate the role of zinc defects in inducing and influencing superparamagnetism.
  • To explore the size-dependent behavior of these superparamagnetic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO rods using a combination of magnetic field and gravity.
  • Photoluminescence spectroscopy to analyze optical properties and defect-related emissions.
  • X-ray powder diffraction for structural characterization.
  • Magnetic measurements to determine magnetic properties like susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • ZnO rods synthesized hydrothermally with a magnetic field exhibit superparamagnetism.
  • Superparamagnetism originates from zinc (Zn) defects, specifically Zn vacancies.
  • Both red emissions (indicating Zn vacancies) and magnetic susceptibility increase with decreasing rod size.
  • Larger superparamagnetic cluster sizes and lower fluctuation rates were observed compared to other superparamagnetic particles.

Conclusions:

  • The applied magnetic field during hydrothermal synthesis induces superparamagnetism in ZnO rods.
  • Zinc defects are the primary source of superparamagnetism, with their concentration and effect being size-dependent.
  • These ZnO rods present unique characteristics for potential applications in magnetic data storage and biomedical fields.