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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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A charged particle experiences a force when moving through a magnetic field. Consider the field to be uniform and the charged particle to move perpendicular to it. If the field is in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion. Since the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion, a charged particle follows a curved path. The particle continues to follow this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to look at this is that the...
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Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Self-Generated Plasma Rotation in a Z-Pinch Implosion with Preembedded Axial Magnetic Field.

M Cvejić1, D Mikitchuk1,2, E Kroupp1

  • 1Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

Physical Review Letters
|January 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel self-generated plasma rotation was observed during cylindrical implosion experiments. This rotation, influenced by the initial magnetic field, significantly impacts the plasma

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Magnetohydrodynamics
  • High-energy-density physics

Background:

  • Z pinches are prototypical time-dependent systems crucial for understanding plasma dynamics.
  • Controlling plasma rotation is essential for optimizing energy and force balance in implosion experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and characterize self-generated plasma rotation in a Z pinch.
  • To investigate the influence of an initial axial magnetic field on plasma rotation.
  • To explore the relationship between plasma rotation and magnetic flux surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing detailed spectroscopic measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution.
  • Conducting cylindrical implosion experiments with a pre-embedded axial magnetic field (B_{z0}).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated self-generated plasma rotation dependent on the direction of B_{z0}.
  • Observed rotation velocity comparable to the peak implosion velocity.
  • Found rotation evolution consistent with magnetic flux surface isorotation, a novel finding in Z pinches.

Conclusions:

  • Self-generated plasma rotation is a significant phenomenon in Z pinches, affecting force and energy balance.
  • The observed isorotation provides new insights into plasma behavior in time-dependent systems.
  • This study opens avenues for controlling and utilizing plasma rotation in fusion and astrophysical applications.