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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

A progressive and severe rash - Answers.

M McCormack¹, C McDonagh², M Ali³

¹MBChB, Internal Medicine Trainee, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK.

|January 24, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A severe drug reaction, toxic epidermal necrolysis, can occur after increasing anti-epileptic medication like lamotrigine. Careful medication review is crucial for identifying and managing these dangerous adverse drug reactions.

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Neurology
Pharmacology

Background:

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) pose significant risks in patient care.
Epilepsy management often involves medications with potential side effects.
Lamotrigine is a commonly used anti-epileptic drug.

Observation:

A 73-year-old female with epilepsy developed a progressive rash and mucosal blistering.
Initial symptoms mimicked bacterial conjunctivitis, delaying diagnosis.
The patient had recently increased her lamotrigine dosage.

Findings:

Skin biopsy confirmed toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
The TEN was suspected to be an adverse drug reaction to lamotrigine.
The presentation was indolent, with delayed recognition of the severity.

Implications:

Highlights the critical importance of thorough medication history taking.
Emphasizes the need for increased awareness of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions.
Advises caution with anti-epileptic dose adjustments, even in stable patients.