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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Therapies for Olfactory Dysfunction - an Update.

Aria Jafari1, Eric H Holbrook2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6515, USA. ajafari@uw.edu.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|January 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treatments for olfactory dysfunction include short-term corticosteroids and olfactory training. While new therapies are under investigation, current evidence supports established treatments for smell loss caused by aging, rhinosinusitis, infections like COVID-19, and head trauma.

Keywords:
AnosmiaOlfactionOlfaction disorderOlfactory impairmentSmell disorderSmell loss

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction affects 5-15% of the population, impacting quality of life.
  • Common causes include aging, chronic rhinosinusitis, post-infectious sequelae (e.g., COVID-19), and head trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on the treatment of olfactory dysfunction.
  • To summarize current evidence-based treatment strategies and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent and relevant studies.
  • Synthesis of findings on the efficacy of various olfactory dysfunction treatments.

Main Results:

  • Topical corticosteroids and systemic therapy are supported for short-term use.
  • Olfactory training is well-supported by existing literature.
  • Several new treatments are under investigation, but efficacy conclusions cannot yet be drawn.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment should target the suspected cause of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Short-term corticosteroid use and olfactory training are current evidence-based recommendations.
  • Further research is needed for emerging olfactory dysfunction treatments.