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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy
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Meningiomas.

Jeremy C Ganz1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Progress in Brain Research
|January 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKNS) combined with microsurgery offers improved survival and reduced morbidity for difficult meningiomas. GKNS is also effective for smaller or asymptomatic meningiomas, outperforming observation or reoperation.

Keywords:
ConvexityCranial nervesMeningiomaRadiotoxicitySkull base

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Meningiomas present diverse challenges based on location, with skull base and perivenous tumors posing significant surgical risks.
  • Radical resection of complex meningiomas can result in substantial patient morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKNS) in managing meningiomas, particularly complex or asymptomatic cases.
  • To compare GKNS outcomes with observation or reoperation for residual or recurrent meningiomas.

Main Methods:

  • Combination therapy involving microsurgical bulk reduction followed by GKNS for complex meningiomas.
  • Primary GKNS treatment for smaller meningiomas.
  • GKNS for asymptomatic, residual, or recurrent meningiomas.

Main Results:

  • The combination of microsurgery and GKNS significantly improves survival rates and minimizes morbidity.
  • GKNS as a primary treatment is effective for smaller meningiomas.
  • GKNS demonstrates superior outcomes compared to observation or reoperation for asymptomatic, residual, or recurrent meningiomas.

Conclusions:

  • GKNS, alone or combined with microsurgery, provides an effective treatment strategy for various meningioma presentations.
  • GKNS offers a less morbid alternative to reoperation or observation for specific meningioma patient groups.