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Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
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The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 7, 2020

Cerebral metastases.

Jeremy C Ganz¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Progress in Brain Research

|January 25, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKNS) is a crucial treatment for brain metastases, offering high tumor control rates (80-95%). Advanced techniques and combination therapies enhance its efficacy, even for challenging cases like brainstem tumors.

Keywords:

Brain metastases Breast cancer Gastrointestinal cancer Gynecological cancer Lung cancer Melanoma Renal cancer

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Neurosurgery
Radiation Oncology

Background:

Brain metastases represent a significant clinical challenge, often associated with poor prognosis.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKNS) has been a cornerstone treatment for brain metastases for over two decades.
GKNS offers a non-invasive therapeutic option, utilized as primary treatment or following surgery/whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).

Purpose of the Study:

To review the established role and evolving applications of GKNS in managing brain metastases.
To highlight advancements in GKNS delivery and its integration with other therapeutic modalities.
To underscore the efficacy and safety profile of GKNS in a diverse patient population.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical data and treatment outcomes for patients with brain metastases treated with GKNS.
Assessment of patient selection criteria and treatment planning using various clinical scales.
Integration of advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI, for precise targeting and dose delivery.

Main Results:

GKNS demonstrates high rates of tumor control, ranging from 80% to over 95%.
The treatment can be repeated for recurrent or new metastases and unresponsive tumors.
Advanced MR techniques and combination therapies with targeted agents have improved outcomes.
Frameless GKNS approaches are increasingly adopted for critically ill patients.

Conclusions:

GKNS is an effective and versatile treatment for brain metastases, including those in critical locations like the brainstem.
Technological advancements and multimodal treatment strategies continue to enhance GKNS efficacy.
GKNS remains an invaluable tool in the multidisciplinary management of brain metastases.