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[Viruses : vesicle tamers].

Lynda Handala1, François Helle2

  • 1Inserm U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, France Service de bactériologie-virologie-hygiène, CHRU de Tours, 37 000 Tours, France.

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Viruses, including naked viruses, hijack cellular lipid vesicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs). This viral strategy enhances infectivity and aids immune evasion, offering new insights into viral replication and host interactions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Enveloped viruses acquire lipid envelopes via extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis pathways.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as key players in intercellular communication and viral pathogenesis.
  • Naked viruses, previously not associated with EVs, are now understood to exploit these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenomenon of viruses hijacking extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis.
  • To explore the advantages conferred by EV hijacking for viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • To introduce the concept of quasi-enveloped viruses and their reliance on EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral-EV interactions.
  • Analysis of viral life cycles involving EV pathways.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms of EV hijacking by viruses.

Main Results:

  • Enveloped viruses utilize EV biogenesis for envelope acquisition.
  • Naked viruses, including poliovirus, polyomaviruses, and rotavirus, hijack EV production routes.
  • EV hijacking provides viruses with diversified entry/exit pathways, enhanced infectivity, and immune evasion.

Conclusions:

  • The hijacking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a conserved strategy employed by diverse viruses, not limited to enveloped viruses.
  • Quasi-enveloped viruses represent a distinct category that leverages EVs for critical life cycle stages.
  • Understanding viral-EV interactions is crucial for developing novel antiviral strategies targeting viral entry, spread, and immune evasion.