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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

10
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
10
Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations01:23

Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations

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Nomograms and tabulations are vital tools used by clinicians to design accurate and individualized dosage regimens. These instruments provide a straightforward method for adjusting dosages based on individual patient characteristics, including age, weight, and physiological condition. The foundation of a drug's nomogram is population pharmacokinetic data collected and analyzed using specific models. This data simplifies complex equations, presenting them diagrammatically or tabularly for easy...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Author Spotlight: Developing a Disposable Dosator for Preclinical Testing of Dry Powder Inhalers in Small Animal Models
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Paediatric specific dosage forms: Patient and formulation considerations.

Dilawar Khan1, Daniel Kirby1, Simon Bryson2

  • 1Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|January 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing safe and effective pediatric medicines is challenging due to unique physiological differences. This review explores drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, and adherence factors in children.

Keywords:
Age-appropriateAnatomyMedicine adherencePediatricsPharmacokineticsPhysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Clinical Pharmacy

Background:

  • Limited availability of high-quality pediatric formulations presents a significant challenge.
  • Approximately 50% of long-term medications and 10% of pediatric prescriptions are non-adherent, off-label, or unlicensed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors influencing the safety, toxicity, and efficacy of pediatric drug delivery.
  • To discuss anatomical, physiological, and pharmacokinetic differences in pediatric populations.
  • To assess current and innovative pediatric dosage forms and adherence strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric drug formulation, pharmacokinetics, and adherence.
  • Analysis of anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric subsets and adults.
  • Evaluation of existing and novel pediatric dosage forms.

Main Results:

  • Significant anatomical and physiological variations exist within pediatric subsets, impacting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
  • Current pediatric dosage forms have limitations, with innovative small, flexible solid oral dosage forms showing promise.
  • Factors affecting pediatric medicine adherence include formulation, administration route, and patient/caregiver acceptance.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding pediatric-specific physiological differences is crucial for safe and effective drug development.
  • Optimizing pediatric drug delivery requires addressing pharmacokinetic variations and improving dosage form acceptability.
  • Strategies to enhance adherence are essential for improving therapeutic outcomes in children.