Remediation of surface water contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms using calcium peroxide: Matrix effect,...

Calcium peroxide (CaO₂), a common solid peroxide, has been increasingly used in contaminated site remediation due to its ability to release oxygen (O₂) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and its environmental friendliness. Our present study is first to explore micromechnisms of CaO₂ to efficaciously inactivate pathogen indicators including gram-negative bacterium of Escherichia coli (E. coli), gram-positive bacterium of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and virus of Escherichia coli-specific M13 bacteriophage (VCSM13) under low concentration (≤ 4 mmol L^-1 (mM)). The inactivation mechanisms of E. coli, S. aureus (1 mmol L^-1 CaO₂) and VCSM13 (4 mmol L^-1) were mainly attributed to OH^- (32∼58%) and •OH (34∼42%), followed by H₂O₂ (13∼20%) and O₂^•- (10∼12%) generated from CaO₂, with the observed morphological and physiological-associated damages. Also, average steady-state concentrations of (OH^-, •OH, H₂O₂, and O₂^•-) and their reaction rate constants with E. coli and VCSM13 were determined. Accordingly, the micro-mechanism model of inactivation was established and validated, and the inactivation efficiency of the same order of magnitude of pathogen was predicted. Furthermore, during the common environmental factors, the copper ions was found to be promote CaO₂ inactivation of pathogens, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions had a negative effect on CaO₂ inactivation. The present study explored the mechanisms of CaO₂ inactivation of pathogens in real surface water, laying the foundation for its potential use in the inactivation of water-borne microbial pathogens.