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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

298
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
298
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

461
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
461
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

632
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
632
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

294
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
294
Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

452
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
452

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Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Recent progress in polymeric non-invasive insulin delivery.

Farzaneh Sabbagh1, Ida Idayu Muhamad2, Razieh Niazmand3

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|February 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Developing non-invasive insulin delivery systems offers a comfortable alternative to injections for diabetes management. This review explores various routes and smart technologies to improve glycemic control and patient compliance.

Keywords:
Insulin deliveryNasalOcularOralPolymersTransdermalVaginal

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Current subcutaneous insulin injections cause discomfort and suboptimal glycemic control.
  • Diabetes mellitus (Type I and II) requires effective insulin therapy.
  • Polymer-based drug release mechanisms include matrix release, leaching, swelling, and diffusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-invasive insulin delivery mechanisms.
  • To highlight smart stimuli-responsive insulin delivery systems.
  • To discuss the application of polymers as insulin carriers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of non-invasive insulin delivery routes (oral, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, nasal).
  • Exploration of stimuli-responsive systems (glucose, pH, enzymes, NIR, ultrasound, magnetic/electric fields).
  • Analysis of polymer applications in insulin delivery carriers.

Main Results:

  • Various non-invasive routes and stimuli-responsive systems show promise for insulin delivery.
  • Polymers play a crucial role as carriers in these advanced systems.
  • Each non-invasive route presents unique advantages and limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive insulin delivery technologies aim to enhance patient compliance and glycemic control.
  • Stimuli-responsive systems offer precise and on-demand insulin release.
  • Further research is needed to optimize these advanced delivery methods for widespread clinical use.