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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus in Spina Bifida.

Jeffrey P Blount1, Pedram Maleknia2, Betsy D Hopson1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al. USA 35233, USA.

Neurology India
|February 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrocephalus management in myelomeningocele (MMC) is crucial. Advances are reducing shunt dependence, but prompt recognition of shunt failure is vital to prevent fatalities and improve quality of life.

Keywords:
Hydrocephalusendoscopic third ventriculostomyventricular shunt

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Hydrocephalus is a primary neurosurgical concern in myelomeningocele (MMC).
  • Historically, 75-80% of MMC patients required shunt treatment.
  • Recent advances like intrauterine MMC closure and ETV-CPC are decreasing shunt burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of hydrocephalus management in MMC.
  • To discuss the evolving treatment landscape and its impact on shunt dependence.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely shunt failure recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current neurosurgical perspectives on hydrocephalus in MMC.
  • Analysis of historical and emerging treatment modalities.
  • Discussion of clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges of shunt failure.

Main Results:

  • Hydrocephalus management significantly impacts clinical outcomes in MMC.
  • ETV-CPC and intrauterine closure show promise in reducing shunt requirement.
  • Shunt failure can present with minimal radiographic changes and lead to severe complications.

Conclusions:

  • Effective hydrocephalus management is essential for optimal care, outcomes, and quality of life in MMC patients.
  • Vigilance for shunt failure, even without clear imaging changes, is critical.
  • Further research into shunt failure mechanisms, including potential links to respiratory issues and sudden death in adults, is warranted.