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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Bloch oscillations are a fundamental quantum mechanical phenomenon.
    • Optical systems offer a practical platform for studying these oscillations.
    • Previous studies have not fully explored the polarization dependence of Bloch oscillations in waveguide arrays.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the fundamental-mode propagation of polarization-dependent Bloch oscillations.
    • To fabricate a polymer-based gradient waveguide array for studying Bloch oscillations.
    • To analyze the influence of optical polarization on Bloch oscillations and their periods.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a polymer-based gradient waveguide array using femtosecond laser direct writing.
    • Utilizing three-dimensional properties of the fabrication technique.
    • Determining Bloch oscillations by analyzing birefringence gradient and equivalent refractive index under different polarization inputs.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated polarization-dependent Bloch oscillations in the fabricated waveguide array.
    • Observed a polarization-dependent Bloch period.
    • Highlighted the significant influence of optical polarization on Bloch oscillation dynamics within the same structure.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents a novel paradigm for two-dimensional optical Bloch modes.
    • The findings underscore the importance of optical polarization in understanding Bloch oscillations.
    • This work opens possibilities for observing richer physics related to Bloch oscillations in engineered optical structures.