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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

709
EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant01:09

EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant

1.2K
Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, it can exist in different forms, H5Y+, H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, and HY3−, depending on the pH of the solution. In very basic solutions with pH > 10.17, the fully deprotonated form, Y4−, is the predominant species that readily complexes with metal ions in a 1:1 ratio.
For the equilibrium reaction of the metal with the...
1.2K
Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

2.7K
EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.3K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
1.3K
EDTA: Direct, Back-, and Displacement Titration01:30

EDTA: Direct, Back-, and Displacement Titration

3.7K
The EDTA titration types for metal ion analysis include direct titration, back-titration, and replacement titration.
Direct titration involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoint. The optimum pH ensures a large conditional formation constant of metal−EDTA and visibility of the free indicator color in the solution. In addition, auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides...
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Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay
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Dentin conditioned with a metal salt-based conditioner.

Mohammed Ahmed1, Chenmin Yao2, Kirsten Van Landuyt3

  • 1KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium; Tanta University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Tanta 32511, Egypt.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|February 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel metal salt-based conditioner offers comparable dentin bond strength to traditional methods, creating a more protected hybrid layer. This universal conditioner provides a durable alternative for dental bonding procedures.

Keywords:
AdhesiveBondingEtchantsPhosphoric acidTEM

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Adhesive Dentistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Universal adhesives (UAs) offer flexibility in bonding modes (etch-and-rinse or self-etch).
  • Different bonding modes are preferred for enamel versus dentin.
  • A universal conditioner for both substrates, replacing phosphoric acid, is desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a metal salt-based conditioner (ZrO(NO3)2) as an alternative to phosphoric acid for dentin conditioning.
  • To compare the durability of bonding with the experimental conditioner to classic etch-and-rinse (E&R) and self-etch (SE) modes.
  • To analyze interfacial interactions using scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM).

Main Methods:

  • Universal adhesive (Adhese Universal) applied to bur-cut dentin of 24 teeth.
  • Dentin was conditioned with either an experimental metal salt-based conditioner (ZON), 37% phosphoric acid (E&R), or in SE mode (no conditioner).
  • Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) tested immediately (1w) and after aging (50k thermocycles).

Main Results:

  • Immediate μTBS was higher with ZON-AdU compared to E&R-AdU, and comparable to SE-AdU.
  • No significant differences in aged μTBS were observed among the three groups.
  • S/TEM showed less collagen exposure and more hydroxyapatite (HAp) in the hybrid layer with ZON etching.

Conclusions:

  • The metal salt-based conditioner (ZON) creates a more HAp-protected hybrid layer with reduced collagen exposure.
  • Comparable bond strength was achieved with ZON compared to phosphoric acid E&R and SE modes.
  • ZON is a viable alternative conditioner for dentin, offering advantages over traditional phosphoric acid etching.