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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
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Evolution of Viral Pathogens Follows a Linear Order.

Zi Hian Tan1, Kian Yan Yong1, Jian-Jun Shu1

  • 1School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological Universitygrid.59025.3b, Singapore.

Microbiology Spectrum
|February 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viral amino acid usage follows a linear, non-random order, aiding prediction of mutations and variants. This understanding of viral evolution is crucial for developing vaccines and identifying outbreak sources.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2infectious diseaselinear ordermicrobiologyoutbreakviral pathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Previous outbreaks like SARS and MERS highlight the threat of rapidly evolving viruses.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for better understanding of viral evolution.
  • Coronaviruses, influenza viruses, flaviviruses, and ebolaviruses are key viral families prone to outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comparative analysis of amino acid usage in outbreak-prone viral families and genera.
  • To investigate patterns in viral genome amino acid distribution.
  • To explore the potential of these patterns for predicting viral mutations and outbreak origins.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of amino acid usage across multiple viral families and genera.
  • Examination of amino acid distribution patterns within viral genomes.
  • Adaptation of observed patterns to analyze COVID-19 outbreak dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Viral genome amino acid usage is constrained to a linear order.
  • Amino acid distribution patterns are closely related to viral species within families or genera.
  • The pangolin's role in COVID-19 may be significant but not exclusive.

Conclusions:

  • The non-random, linear order of amino acid usage in viral genomes can predict mutations and variants of concern.
  • Understanding these patterns aids in vaccine development and outbreak source determination.
  • This research provides insights into viral evolution applicable to future pandemic preparedness.