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Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting

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Predicting potential SARS-CoV-2 spillover and spillback in animals.

Zi Hian Tan¹, Kian Yan Yong¹, Jian-Jun Shu¹

¹School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi

|January 23, 2024

Summary

Scientists identified animals potentially susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by analyzing spike protein similarities. This research helps predict and prevent further zoonotic spillover and spillback events.

Keywords:

Human-to-animal and animal-to-human transmissions Infectious disease Outbreak SARS-CoV-2 Spillover and spillback

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology
Comparative Genomics

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Human-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission pose significant risks, potentially creating cycles of viral spillover and spillback.
This cycle can lead to new strains that may evade existing vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify potential animal hosts for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses.
To analyze the phylogenetic distance between host ACE2 and coronavirus spike proteins.
To pinpoint animals at elevated risk for viral spillover and spillback incidents.

Main Methods:

Phylogenetic analysis of host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and coronavirus spike proteins.
Identification of animals with spike proteins similar to SARS-CoV-2.
Assessment of potential for internal and natural infections in various animal species.

Main Results:

A group of animals, including minks, dogs, cats, and tigers, were identified as potentially susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
These animals harbor a parasitic coronavirus spike protein similar to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Minks, dogs, cats, and tigers may act as amplification hosts in zoonotic spillover events, while masked palm civets showed no signs of infection.

Conclusions:

This study offers a rapid method to identify high-risk animals for SARS-CoV-2 and other zoonotic diseases.
The approach aids in prioritizing research and assessing transmission risks in multi-host environments.
Identifying and monitoring these species can help prevent interspecies transmission, mitigating spillover and spillback events.