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Updated: Aug 12, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
Published on: January 27, 2010
[Armand Trousseau (1801-1867) and the placebo effect]
Abstract:
In 1834 Armand Trousseau (1801-1867) used a placebo, consisting of pills containing only starch, to show that these pills were as effective as homeopathic dilutions. On another occasion he claimed to have produced marked diuresis in patients with edema by cutaneous application of digitalis and scilla solutions; in fact the diuresis resulted from prior high-dose oral digitalis therapy. Complete ignorance of pharmacokinetics at that time was largely responsible for his error.
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