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Related Concept Videos

Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming.

Daniel Fortin-Guichard1, H J C Ravensbergen2, Kai Krabben2

  • 1Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.fortinguichard@vu.nl.

Sports Medicine - Open
|February 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paralympic swimming classification for vision impairment (VI) may be simplified. Research suggests two classes, one for partially sighted and one for functionally blind athletes, are sufficient for fair competition.

Keywords:
Decision tree analysisEvidence-based classificationParalympic sportsSwimmingVision impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Ophthalmology
  • Para-athletics

Background:

  • Current Paralympic swimming classification for vision impairment (VI) uses three classes based on visual acuity (VA) and visual field.
  • The evidence supporting a three-class system and the specific tests used for VA and visual field is limited.
  • An evidence-based approach is needed to link visual function to performance in VI Para swimming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relationship between visual function and swimming performance in elite VI Para swimmers.
  • To evaluate the suitability of the current classification system and identify potential improvements.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers during international competitions, measuring race time, start, velocity, straight-line swimming, turns, and finish.
  • Evaluated visual function using a comprehensive test battery including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception.

Main Results:

  • Visual acuity (VA) was the strongest predictor of total race time (r=0.40, p<0.01), but the relationship was non-linear.
  • Decision tree analysis indicated that two classes are sufficient for VI swimming, with a cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR.
  • No significant correlation between visual function and performance was found within the two proposed classes (|rs|<0.11, p>0.54).

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that a two-class system is adequate for legitimate competition in VI swimming.
  • The proposed classification includes one category for partially sighted athletes and another for functionally blind athletes.