Medical management of cholesterol gallstones

Cholesterol gallstones are a significant cause of morbidity in the U.S. Methods used to treat gallstones include cholecystectomy or medical dissolution. The primary drugs used for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones are two bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. Complete or partial gallstone dissolution rates using chenodeoxycholic acid have ranged from 30 to 80 percent. Factors affecting gallstone dissolution using the bile acids include the dosage and administration schedule, obesity, the stone characteristics, diet, and the duration of therapy. The adverse effects of chenodeoxycholic acid include gastrointestinal complaints, hepatotoxicity, and increased serum cholesterol. Ursodeoxycholic acid, which is investigational, differs from chenodeoxycholic acid in its mechanism of action. Ursodeoxycholic acid has similar efficacy with chenodeoxycholic acid, at a lower daily dosage, with less gastrointestinal and hepatic adverse effects. If appropriate patient selection is used, the response rate to medical therapy can range from 50 to 80 percent.