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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Nucleoid01:24

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The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...
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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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Extracellular Adhesive Cues Physically Define Nucleolar Structure and Function.

Oscar J Pundel1, Liisa M Blowes1, John T Connelly1

  • 1Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|February 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix influences nuclear shape and internal structure. This study shows that altered cell adhesion impacts nucleolar remodeling, affecting protein synthesis and gene expression in keratinocytes.

Keywords:
biomechanicskeratinocytemechanotransductionnucleolusnucleus

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Mechanobiology

Background:

  • Extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesive cues influence nuclear size and shape through mechanical forces.
  • The impact of these biophysical stimuli on nuclear architecture and cellular responses is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct impact of ECM adhesion on nucleolar remodeling in human keratinocytes.
  • To understand how cell adhesion affects nucleolar structure, chromatin organization, and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized micropatterned substrates to control ECM adhesion in human keratinocytes.
  • Analyzed nucleolar morphology, nuclear volume, heterochromatin condensation, and gene expression.
  • Investigated the role of the actin cytoskeleton in mediating these changes.

Main Results:

  • Limited adhesion induced nucleolar fusion, reduced nuclear volume, and heterochromatin condensation.
  • Nucleolar remodeling was linked to altered chromatin biomechanics and actin cytoskeleton integration.
  • Observed regulation of ribogenesis and protein synthesis, with associated transcriptional changes in ribogenesis genes.

Conclusions:

  • Cell shape and nuclear morphology directly control nucleolar structure and function.
  • The nucleolus acts as a critical mechano-sensing element within the cell.
  • ECM adhesion plays a significant role in regulating cellular functions through nucleolar remodeling.