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Related Concept Videos

Neurons: The Axon01:21

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Neuronal endolysosomal transport and lysosomal functionality in maintaining axonostasis.

Joseph C Roney1, Xiu-Tang Cheng1, Zu-Hang Sheng1

  • 1Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

The Journal of Cell Biology
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Summary

Lysosomes are crucial for neuron health, clearing waste via transport along axons. Disruptions in this process contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Lysosomes are vital for cellular waste degradation, essential for neuron function and survival.
  • Impaired lysosome function is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
  • Neurons' unique structure presents challenges for maintaining lysosome function in distant axonal regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding axonal endolysosomal trafficking and lysosomal function in neuronal health.
  • To explore how disruptions in these processes contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes findings from recent research on endolysosomal trafficking in neurons.
  • It examines molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating transport and maturation.

Main Results:

  • Bidirectional intracellular transport is critical for maintaining lysosome function in distal axons.
  • Specific mechanisms governing endolysosome transport and maturation are being uncovered.
  • Dysregulation of axonal endolysosomal trafficking is implicated in neurodegeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient axonal endolysosomal trafficking and lysosomal functionality are crucial for neuronal homeostasis (axonostasis).
  • Understanding these processes offers insights into neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into these mechanisms may reveal therapeutic targets.